Thermodynamics: An engineering approach. 5th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel & Michale Boles
Contenido:
Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy
1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
1-3 Systems and Control Volumes
1-4 Properties of a System Continuum
1-5 Density and Specific Gravity
1-6 State and Equilibrium
1-7 Processes and Cycles
1-8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1-9 Pressure
1-10 The Manometer
1-11 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
1-12 Problem-Solving Technique
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Engineering Software Packages
A Remark on Significant Digits
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 2
Energy Conversion and General Energy Analysis
2-1 Introduction
2-2 Forms of Energy
2-3 Energy Transfer by Heat
2-4 Energy Transfer by Work
2-5 Mechanical Forms of Work
2-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
2-7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
2-8 Energy and Environment
Ozone and Smog
Acid Rain
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 3
Properties of Pure Substances
3-1 Pure Substance
3-2 Phases of a Pure Substance
3-3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
3-4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
3-5 Property Tables
3-6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
3-7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior
3-8 Other Equations of State
Van der Waals Equation of State
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State
Virial Equation of State
Topic of Special Interest
Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 4
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
4-1 Moving Boundary Work
4-2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
4-3 Specific Heats
4-4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
4-5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Solids and Liquids
Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 5
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
5-1 Conservation of Mass
5-2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
5-3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
5-4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
5-5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 6
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6-1 Introduction to the Second Law
6-2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
6-3 Heat Engines
6-5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
6-6 Perpetual-Motion Machines
6-7 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
6-8 The Carnot Cycle
6-9 The Carnot Principles
6-10 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6-11 The Carnot Heat Engine
6-12 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Topics of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 7
Entropy
7-1 Entropy
7-2 The Increase of Entropy Principle
7-3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
7-4 Isentropic Processes
7-5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
7-6 What Is Entropy?
7-7 The T ds Relations
7-8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
7-9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
7-10 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
7-11 Minimizing the Compressor Work
7-12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
7-13 Entropy Balance
Topics of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 8
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential
8-1 Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
8-3 Second-Law Efficiency, çII
8-4 Exergy Change of a System
8-5 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
8-6 The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction
8-7 Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
8-8 Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
Topics of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 9
Gas Power Cycles
9-1 Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
9-2 The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
9-3 Air-Standard Assumptions
9-4 An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
9-5 Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
9-6 Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines
9-7 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
9-8 Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
9-9 The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
9-10 The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration
9-11 Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
9-12 Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles
Topics of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 10
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
10-1 The Carnot Vapor Cycle
10-2 Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles
10-3 Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones
10-4 How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?
10-5 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
10-6 The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
10-7 Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles
10-8 Cogeneration
10-9 Combined Gas–Vapor Power Cycles
Topics of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 11
Refrigeration Cycles
11-1 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
11-2 The Reversed Carnot Cycle
11-3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
11-4 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
11-5 Selecting the Right Refrigerant
11-6 Heat Pump Systems
11-7 Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems
11-8 Gas Refrigeration Cycles
11-9 Absorption Refrigeration Systems
Topics of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration
Systems
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 12
Thermodynamic Property Relations
12-1 A Little Math—Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations
12-2 The Maxwell Relations
12-3 The Clapeyron Equation
12-4 General Relations for du, dh, ds, Cv, and Cp
12-5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient
12-6 The Äh, Äu, and Äs of Real Gases
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 13
Gas Mixtures
13-1 Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions
13-2 P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
13-3 Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
Chapter 14
Gas–Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning
14-1 Dry and Atmospheric Air
14-2 Specific and Relative Humidity of Air
14-3 Dew-Point Temperature
14-4 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
14-5 The Psychrometric Chart
14-6 Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning
14-7 Air-Conditioning Processes
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 15
Chemical Reactions
15-1 Fuels and Combustion
15-2 Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes
15-3 Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion
15-4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
15-5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
15-6 Entropy Change of Reacting Systems
15-7 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting systems
Topics of Special Interest: Fuel Cells
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 16
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium
16-1 Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium
16-2 The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures
16-3 Some Remarks about the KP of Ideal-Gas Mixtures
16-4 Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions
16-5 Variation of KP with Temperature
16-6 Phase Equilibrium
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 17
Compressible Flow
17-1 Stagnation Properties
17-2 Speed of Sound and Mach Number
17-3 One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
17-4 Isentropic Flow through Nozzles
17-5 Shock Waves and Expansion
17-6 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)
17-7 Steam Nozzles
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Appendix 1
Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)
Table A-1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Table A-2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
Table A-3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
Table A-4 Saturated water—Temperature table
Table A-5 Saturated water—Pressure table
Table A-6 Superheated water
Table A-7 Compressed liquid water
Table A-8 Saturated ice—water vapor
Figure A-9 T-s diagram for water
Figure A-10 Mollier diagram for water
Table A-11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table
Table A-12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table
Table A-13 Superheated refrigerant-134a
Figure A-14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
Figure A-15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart
Table A-16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Table A-17 Ideal-gas properties of air
Table A-18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2
Table A-19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Table A-20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2
Table A-21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO
Table A-22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2
Table A-23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O
Table A-24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O
Table A-25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH
Table A-26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and
absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm
Table A-27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Table A-28 Natural Logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp
Figure A-29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart
Figure A-30 Generalized entropy departure chart
Figure A-31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
Table A-32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
Table A-33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k =1.4
Table A-34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
Appendix 2
Property Tables and Charts (English Units)
Table A-1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Table A-2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
Table A-3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
Table A-4E Saturated water—Temperature table
Table A-5E Saturated water—Pressure table
Table A-6E Superheated water
Table A-7E Compressed liquid water
Table A-8E Saturated ice—water vapor
Figure A-9E T-s diagram for water
Figure A-10E Mollier diagram for water
Table A-11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table
Table A-12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table
Table A-13E Superheated refrigerant-134a
Figure A-14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
Table A-15E
Table A-16E Properties of the atomosphere at high altitude
Table A-17E Ideal-gas properties of air
Table A-18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2
Table A-19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Table A-20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2
Table A-21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO
Table A-22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2
Table A-23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O
Table A-24E
Table A-25E
Table A-26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°C, 1 atm
Table A-27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Figure A-31E Psycrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
English Version / Versión en Inglés
